What Is a Partial Discharge (PD) Test?

Published 27 Aug 2026Updated 27 Aug 20266 min readAdvancedTesting
Quick answer — A partial discharge (PD) test measures the small, localised discharges that occur in a void or defect in the insulation when a high voltage is applied, and reports the PD magnitude and inception/extinction voltage. A low/no PD indicates a void-free insulation; a high PD points to a defect. It is a type and routine test (and done by monitoring) that verifies the insulation is free of a harmful PD source.
Contents
What is a partial discharge test on a transformer?

What it measures

It applies a voltage (often above normal and at a test level) and detects the PD pulses, giving a charge magnitude (in pC) and the inception and extinction voltage.

What it indicates

A low or no PD at the test level is good; a high PD or a low inception voltage indicates a void, delamination or contaminant that will erode the insulation.

When it is done

It is a routine/type test and is also used online (via sensors) to detect a developing PD source in service.

References & standards

Related

Book seriesAcademy

Related manufacturers

Prolec GE (GE Vernova) · Prolec GE Waukesha · Hitachi Energy USA · Siemens Energy · Eaton · Virginia Transformer Corp

Related components

Protection, monitoring & diagnostics Insulation materials
Technical content is prepared from engineering references, standards frameworks, manufacturer documentation and industry sources. Contractual or compliance decisions should refer to current official standards. TransformerPath Technical Editorial.
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