World Electrical Grids

A worldwide census of transmission system operators and utilities — country by country, plus the major synchronous areas that tie them together. Voltages, frequencies and official links for everyone who buys, builds or services transformers.

151Countries
166Operators & utilities
10Regions
16Synchronous areas
23Interconnector projects
15Green H₂ projects
6Offshore HVDC programs
7CAPEX plans

Data last verified 2026-07-07 · sources: official utility, operator & regulator filings · maintained encyclopedia-style from the TransformerPath grid census. Report a correction.

The World's Grids at a Glance

Every operator in the directory, mapped. Dot size = number of operators; colour = grid frequency. Hover for detail, click to jump to that country.

50 Hz systems 60 Hz systems · dot size ∝ operators · dashed arcs = interconnector projects (colour = status)

🗺️ Hover a country for its operators & frequency · click to filter the directory below.

Major Synchronous Areas & Power Pools

Grids that beat as one heart — interconnected systems sharing a frequency.

Synchronous areaCoverageFrequency
GCCIA InterconnectionKSA · UAE · Kuwait · Qatar · Bahrain · Oman (+Iraq link 2024)50 Hz (KSA 60 Hz via HVDC B2B)
Continental Europe (ENTSO-E)~30 countries incl. Türkiye, Ukraine, Baltics (2025) — world's largest50 Hz · 400 kV backbone
NordicNorway · Sweden · Finland · East Denmark50 Hz
Great BritainEngland · Scotland · Wales (HVDC to EU, Nordics)50 Hz
Ireland (all-island)Republic of Ireland + Northern Ireland50 Hz
IPS/UPSRussia · Belarus · Kazakhstan · Caucasus · Central Asia · Mongolia50 Hz
Eastern InterconnectionEastern US + Central/East Canada60 Hz
Western InterconnectionWestern US + BC/Alberta + Baja Mexico60 Hz
ERCOTTexas — standalone, DC-tied to neighbours60 Hz
India National GridOne nation, one grid since 2013 — largest single synchronous national grid50 Hz · 765 kV / ±800 kV DC
China SGCC + CSGMultiple sync regions tied by UHV DC — world's biggest system overall50 Hz · 1000 kV AC / ±1100 kV DC
SAPP (Southern Africa)12 countries anchored by South Africa50 Hz
WAPP (West Africa)14 ECOWAS countries50 Hz
SIN BrazilSingle national interconnected system (ONS)60 Hz
SIEPAC (Central America)Guatemala→Panama 230 kV regional backbone60 Hz
NEM AustraliaQLD · NSW · VIC · SA · TAS east-coast market50 Hz

Cross-Border Interconnector Projects

HVDC and AC links under construction or planned worldwide — where the grid map is being redrawn.

ProjectTechnologyCapacityStatus
Egypt–Saudi Arabia HVDC🇪🇬🇸🇦 Badr – Tabuk – Madinah — First large HVDC bridge between Africa & Asia; pole 1 = 1,500 MW, was in final testing as of Feb 2026 — confirm current status with the operator±500 kV HVDC multi-terminal3,000 MWCommissioning delayed · past Apr 2026 target
GCCIA–Iraq Link🇰🇼🇮🇶 Al-Wafrah – Al-Faw (Basra), 295 km — First GCCIA export beyond the Gulf; summer 2026 supply target has passed — confirm current status with the operator400 kV AC double-circuit500 MW initialCommissioning delayed · past H1 2026 target
GCCIA–Oman Direct Link🇴🇲 Oman – GCCIA backbone — US$700 m project launched 2026 — upgrades Oman from radial UAE tie to a direct GCCIA interconnection400 kV1,200 MWUnder construction
GCCIA–Kuwait Reinforcement🇰🇼🇸🇦 Al-Wafrah – Al-Fadhili — New 400 kV Al-Wafrah substation; additional Kuwait Fund financing signed Jan 2026400 kV double-circuit→ ~3,000 MW transferUnder construction
Saudi Arabia–Jordan Interconnection🇸🇦🇯🇴 Qurayyat – East Amman, 164 km — Feasibility complete; interconnection, operation & commercial agreements plus Arab Fund financing awaiting signature400 kV (planned)—Committed · agreements in final stage
Jordan–Iraq Interconnection🇯🇴🇮🇶 Risha – western Iraq — Feeds western Iraq from the Jordanian grid400/132 kV150–500 MW phasedPhase 1 operational · expansion ongoing
Great Sea Interconnector🇬🇷🇨🇾 Crete – Cyprus (– Israel), ~900 km — World's longest planned subsea power link; surveys stalled amid Greece–Cyprus funding dispute & Turkish naval objections±500 kV HVDC1,000 MW (2,000 design)Paused / delayed → 2030+
Celtic Interconnector🇮🇪🇫🇷 Cork – Brittany, 575 km — Ireland's first direct link to continental EU; subsea cable-lay began Aug 2025HVDC700 MWUnder construction · Q4 2028
Bay of Biscay Interconnection🇪🇸🇫🇷 Gatika – Cubnezais, 400 km — INELFE (RTE + Red Eléctrica); roughly doubles France–Spain exchange capacity; €578 m EU grant±400 kV HVDC2 × 1,000 MWUnder construction · 2028
NeuConnect🇬🇧🇩🇪 Isle of Grain – Wilhelmshaven, 725 km — First-ever Great Britain–Germany link±525 kV HVDC1,400 MWUnder construction · ~2028
Black Sea Submarine Cable🇬🇪🇷🇴 Anaklia – Constanța, 1,195 km — EU PMI status Dec 2025; Transelectrica–GSE MoU Feb 2026; routes Caspian (Azerbaijani) green power to the EU500 kV HVDC1,000–1,500 MWPlanned · seabed surveys 2026
ELMED🇮🇹🇹🇳 Sicily – Cap Bon, 220 km — First Europe–North Africa HVDC; ~€1 bn, EU co-fundedHVDC600 MWUnder construction · ~2028
Xlinks Morocco–UK🇲🇦🇬🇧 Guelmim – Devon, ~4,000 km — Developer withdrew UK application; exploring alternative offtake markets±525 kV HVDC3,600 MWShelved · UK CfD refused Jun 2025
Ethiopia–Kenya–Tanzania Power Highway🇪🇹🇰🇪🇹🇿 EAPP → SAPP corridor — Backbone of the first EAPP–SAPP linkage; full interconnection expected 2027–28±500 kV HVDC + 400 kV ACup to 2,000 MWTrial operation
Malawi–Mozambique Interconnector🇲🇼🇲🇿 Matambo – Phombeya — Ends Malawi's isolation — its first SAPP interconnection400 kV AC—Under construction · ~Q3 2026
Angola–Namibia Interconnector🇦🇴🇳🇦 Kunene/Baynes corridor — Brings Angola into the wider SAPP network400 kV (planned)—Planned
WAPP Permanent Synchronization🌍 14 ECOWAS countries — Permanent single synchronous West African grid expected in 2026330/225 kV backbone—Target 2026
CASA-1000🇰🇬🇹🇯🇦🇫🇵🇰 Datka – Khujand – Kabul – Peshawar — Kyrgyz, Tajik & Pakistani segments essentially complete; Afghan section to 2027±500 kV HVDC + 500 kV AC1,300 MWUnder construction · Dec 2026
India–Sri Lanka HVDC🇮🇳🇱🇰 Madurai – Mannar — First India–Sri Lanka link; opens regional power trade for Colombo±320 kV VSC HVDC1,000 MW (Ph-1 500)Committed · parameters agreed Jun 2026
India–Nepal Butwal–Gorakhpur Line🇳🇵🇮🇳 second major cross-border corridor — Expands capacity for Nepali hydro exports to India400 kV double-circuit—Under construction
Australia–Asia PowerLink (SunCable)🇦🇺🇸🇬 NT solar → Darwin → Singapore, 4,300 km subsea — Singapore EMA conditional import approval Oct 2024; AU–SG trade framework agreed 2025HVDC1.75 GW to SingaporeApproved · supply early 2030s
ASEAN Power Grid subsea links🇻🇳🇲🇾🇮🇩🇸🇬 multiple corridors toward Singapore — APG Submarine Power Cable Framework expected during Philippines' 2026 ASEAN chairmanshipHVDC subsea~6 projects in negotiationPlanning · framework due 2026
Colombia–Panama Interconnection🇨🇴🇵🇦 linking South & Central America (SIEPAC) — Long-planned first tie between the two continents' gridsHVDC~400 MWPlanned

Green Hydrogen Giga-Projects

Electrolyzer capacity is a direct proxy for rectifier-transformer and grid-connection transformer demand.

ProjectElectrolyzerOutputStatus

Offshore Wind HVDC Programs

Every 2 GW offshore platform means a fleet of converter transformers — the fastest-growing segment of transformer demand.

ProgrammeTechnologyCapacityStatus
TenneT 2 GW Program (NL + DE)🇳🇱🇩🇪 North Sea — 14 systems (IJmuiden Ver, Nederwiek, BalWin, LanWin…) — €23 bn of contracts to Hitachi/Petrofac, GE Vernova/Seatrium, Siemens/Dragados — Europe's biggest transformer order pipeline±525 kV VSC HVDC platforms14 × 2 GW by 2032Under construction · first 2029
Dogger Bank A/B/C🇬🇧 UK North Sea — World's largest offshore wind farm; C-phase turbines installing through 2026HVDC export — UK's first at this scale3.6 GW combinedCommissioning · full complex 2027
Dogger Bank South🇬🇧 UK North Sea — RWE + Masdar — development consent grantedHVDC3 GWConsented · May 2026
Eastern Green Links 1–4🇬🇧 Scotland → England subsea bootstraps — £12 bn+ HVDC supply frameworks; EGL4 converters to Siemens Energy; EGL3/4 operational ~2034±525 kV HVDC4 links ≈ 8 GWEGL1/2 under construction · EGL3/4 approved Dec 2025
Amprion BalWin 1 / 2🇩🇪 German North Sea — Siemens Energy + Dragados converter stations; onshore works from 2026±525 kV HVDC2 × 2 GWUnder construction
LionLink🇬🇧🇳🇱 UK – Netherlands hybrid — First-of-a-kind hybrid offshore-wind + interconnector (National Grid + TenneT)HVDC multi-purpose interconnector~1.8 GWPlanned

Grid Investment (CAPEX) Plans

Where the money flows next — announced network investment programmes, a forward signal of transformer demand.

ProgrammeInvestmentFocusPeriod
Saudi Electricity Co / National Grid SA🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia — 2024 spend alone US$16 bn (+44% YoY)US$58.7 bn upgrade + SAR 500 bn project pipelinetransmission & distribution overhaul — ~2,600 projects2025 → early 2030s
POWERGRID🇮🇳 India — Order book ~₹1.7 trn; sector pipeline >₹15 trn₹35,000 cr FY26 + ₹82,000 cr FY27–28HVDC + renewable-evacuation corridorsFY26–FY28
National Grid (UK)🇬🇧 United Kingdom — Largest GB transmission overhaul in generations£60 bn group plan (£35 bn RIIO-T3 submission)Great Grid Upgrade — 17 major projects, £12 bn HVDC frameworks2026–2031
TenneT🇳🇱🇩🇪 Netherlands + Germany — €23 bn of 2 GW HVDC contracts already awarded~€160 bn 10-year investment planoffshore 2 GW systems + onshore 380 kV corridorsto mid-2030s
Terna🇮🇹 Italy — Includes ELMED Italy–Tunisia co-financing~€23 bn 10-year development planTyrrhenian & Adriatic HVDC links, internal backbones2025–2034
GCCIA🌍 GCC region — Turning the Gulf grid into a power-trading platformUS$3.5 bn expansion programmeKuwait reinforcement, Oman direct link, Iraq export corridorto ~2028
State Grid Corp of China🇨🇳 China — World's largest single grid investorrecord ≈US$85 bn in 2024 aloneUHV AC/DC corridors + distribution modernisationannual

Grid Directory — by Country

Transmission operators and utilities worldwide. Search or filter by region.

Middle East
🇦🇪

United Arab Emirates

50 Hz GCCIA 4 operators
TAQA TransmissionAbu Dhabi transmission owner-operator & northern grid spine400 kVSite →
DEWADubai vertically-integrated utility — gen, transmission, distribution400 kVSite →
SEWASharjah utility220 kVSite →
EtihadWENorthern Emirates utility220 kVSite →
💧 1 green H₂ project
🇸🇦

Saudi Arabia

60 Hz GCCIA 1 operator
Saudi Electricity Co / National Grid SASingle national grid — only 60 Hz system in GCC, tied to GCCIA via HVDC back-to-back at Al-Fadhili380 kVSite →
⚡ 3 interconnector projects · 💧 1 green H₂ project · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇰🇼

Kuwait

50 Hz GCCIA 1 operator
MEWRE (Ministry of Electricity & Water)State grid operator — GCCIA northern terminus400 kVSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects
🇶🇦

Qatar

50 Hz GCCIA 1 operator
KAHRAMAAQatar General Electricity & Water Corp400 kVSite →
🇧🇭

Bahrain

50 Hz GCCIA 1 operator
EWAElectricity & Water Authority — GCCIA link via Saudi220 kVSite →
🇴🇲

Oman

50 Hz GCCIA 1 operator
OETC (Oman Grid)Main interconnected system + Dhofar grid; synced to GCCIA via UAE400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 💧 2 green H₂ projects
🇮🇶

Iraq

50 Hz GCCIA-linked 1 operator
Ministry of ElectricityNational grid; 400 kV GCCIA link to Kuwait energized 2024, also tied to Iran & Jordan400 kVSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects
🇯🇴

Jordan

50 Hz Eight Country IC 1 operator
NEPCONational Electric Power Co — interconnected with Egypt (submarine) & Iraq400 kVSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects
🇱🇧

Lebanon

50 Hz Eight Country IC 1 operator
EDL (Électricité du Liban)National utility — chronic capacity deficit; Syria tie220 kVSite →
🇸🇾

Syria

50 Hz Eight Country IC 1 operator
PEEGTPublic Establishment for Generation & Transmission — war-damaged, partial operation400 kV
🇾🇪

Yemen

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
PEC (Public Electricity Corp)Fragmented grid; reconstruction phase132 kV
🇮🇷

Iran

50 Hz Isolated (regional ties) 1 operator
TAVANIR / IGMCNational grid — async ties to Iraq, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Pakistan400 kVSite →
🇮🇱

Israel

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
IEC / Noga ISOIsland grid — no international AC ties400 kVSite →
🇪🇬

Egypt

50 Hz Eight Country IC 1 operator
EETCEgyptian Electricity Transmission Co — hub to Jordan, Libya, Sudan; ±500 kV HVDC to Saudi commissioning500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 💧 1 green H₂ project
Europe
🇩🇪

Germany

50 Hz Continental Europe 4 operators
AmprionTSO — west (Rhine-Ruhr)380 kVSite →
TenneT GermanyTSO — north-south corridor380 kVSite →
50HertzTSO — east380 kVSite →
TransnetBWTSO — Baden-Württemberg380 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 🌊 2 offshore HVDC programmes · 💧 1 green H₂ project · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇫🇷

France

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
RTELargest single TSO in Europe400 kVSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects
🇬🇧

United Kingdom

50 Hz Great Britain 2 operators
NESO / National Grid ETGB system operator + England-Wales transmission owner400 kVSite →
SP Energy Networks / SSENScottish transmission owners400 kVSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects · 🌊 4 offshore HVDC programmes · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇮🇪

Ireland

50 Hz Ireland (all-island) 1 operator
EirGrid + SONIAll-island single electricity market (IE + NI)400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇮🇹

Italy

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
TernaNational TSO — HVDC links to Sardinia, Montenegro, Greece, Tunisia (planned)380 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇪🇸

Spain

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
Red Eléctrica (Redeia)National TSO — gateway for Morocco sync link400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 💧 1 green H₂ project
🇵🇹

Portugal

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
RENNational TSO400 kVSite →
💧 1 green H₂ project
🇳🇱

Netherlands

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
TenneTDutch-German TSO; major offshore wind grid builder380 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 🌊 2 offshore HVDC programmes · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇧🇪

Belgium

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
EliaNational TSO (also owns 50Hertz DE)380 kVSite →
🇨🇭

Switzerland

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
SwissgridNational TSO — Europe's transit hub380 kVSite →
🇦🇹

Austria

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
APG (Austrian Power Grid)National TSO380 kVSite →
🇵🇱

Poland

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
PSEPolskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne400 kVSite →
🇨🇿

Czechia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
ČEPSNational TSO400 kVSite →
🇸🇰

Slovakia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
SEPSNational TSO400 kVSite →
🇭🇺

Hungary

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
MAVIRNational TSO400 kVSite →
🇷🇴

Romania

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
TranselectricaNational TSO400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇧🇬

Bulgaria

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
ESO EADNational TSO400 kVSite →
🇬🇷

Greece

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
IPTO / ADMIENational TSO — island interconnection programme ongoing400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇷🇸

Serbia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
EMSElektromreža Srbije400 kVSite →
🇭🇷

Croatia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
HOPSNational TSO400 kVSite →
🇸🇮

Slovenia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
ELESNational TSO400 kVSite →
🇧🇦

Bosnia & Herzegovina

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
NOSBiH / Elektroprijenos BiHISO + transmission company400 kVSite →
🇲🇰

North Macedonia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
MEPSONational TSO400 kVSite →
🇦🇱

Albania

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
OSTOperatori i Sistemit të Transmetimit400 kVSite →
🇲🇪

Montenegro

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
CGESTSO — HVDC submarine link to Italy400 kVSite →
🇩🇰

Denmark

50 Hz CE (west) + Nordic (east) 1 operator
EnerginetUnique split: Jutland in Continental Europe, Zealand in Nordic — bridged by HVDC400 kVSite →
🇳🇴

Norway

50 Hz Nordic 1 operator
StatnettNational TSO — HVDC to GB, DE, NL, DK420 kVSite →
🇸🇪

Sweden

50 Hz Nordic 1 operator
Svenska kraftnätNational TSO400 kVSite →
💧 1 green H₂ project
🇫🇮

Finland

50 Hz Nordic 1 operator
FingridNational TSO — Russia ties severed 2022400 kVSite →
🇪🇪

Estonia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
EleringDesynced from IPS/UPS, joined CE Feb 2025330 kVSite →
🇱🇻

Latvia

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
AST (Augstsprieguma tīkls)Joined CE Feb 2025330 kVSite →
🇱🇹

Lithuania

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
LitgridJoined CE Feb 2025 via LitPol link330 kVSite →
🇺🇦

Ukraine

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
UkrenergoEmergency-synced to CE March 2022; grid under wartime reconstruction750 kVSite →
🇲🇩

Moldova

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
MoldelectricaSynced to CE with Ukraine 2022400 kVSite →
🇹🇷

Türkiye

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
TEİAŞNational TSO — synchronized with ENTSO-E CE since 2010; ties to Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Syria400 kVSite →
🇮🇸

Iceland

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
LandsnetIsland grid — ~100% renewable (hydro/geothermal)220 kVSite →
🇨🇾

Cyprus

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
TSOC / EACIsland grid; Great Sea Interconnector to Greece under construction132 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇽🇰

Kosovo

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
KOSTTTSO — operates the AK (Albania–Kosovo) control block within ENTSO-E CE400 kVSite →
🇱🇺

Luxembourg

50 Hz Continental Europe 1 operator
Creos LuxembourgTSO/DSO — embedded in the German (Amprion) control area220 kVSite →
🇲🇹

Malta

50 Hz Continental Europe (via Sicily) 1 operator
EnemaltaIsland utility — 200 MW HVAC interconnector to Sicily; second link planned132 kVSite →
CIS / Eurasia
🇷🇺

Russia

50 Hz IPS/UPS 1 operator
SO UPS (System Operator) / RossetiUnified Power System — 7 interconnected regional IPSs750 kVSite →
🇧🇾

Belarus

50 Hz IPS/UPS 1 operator
BelenergoState power association750 kVSite →
🇰🇿

Kazakhstan

50 Hz IPS/UPS 1 operator
KEGOCNational grid — hosts world's only 1150 kV-built lines (operated at 500 kV)1150 kV (built)Site →
🇺🇿

Uzbekistan

50 Hz Central Asia (CAPS) 1 operator
NEGU (National Electric Grid)Hub of Central Asian Power System500 kVSite →
🇰🇬

Kyrgyzstan

50 Hz Central Asia (CAPS) 1 operator
NESKNational grid company500 kV
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇹🇯

Tajikistan

50 Hz Central Asia (CAPS) 1 operator
Barqi TojikNational utility — CASA-1000 HVDC to Pakistan500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇹🇲

Turkmenistan

50 Hz Regional ties 1 operator
TürkmenenergoState utility — ties to Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan500 kV
🇦🇿

Azerbaijan

50 Hz IPS/UPS-linked 1 operator
Azerenerji / AzerEnergyNational utility — ties to Russia, Georgia, Iran500 kVSite →
🇬🇪

Georgia

50 Hz Regional ties 1 operator
GSE (Georgian State Electrosystem)TSO — HVDC back-to-back to Türkiye500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇦🇲

Armenia

50 Hz Regional ties 1 operator
HVEN (High Voltage Electric Networks)Ties to Iran & Georgia220 kV
🇲🇳

Mongolia

50 Hz IPS/UPS-linked 1 operator
NPTG (National Power Transmission Grid)Central system synced with Russia220 kV
Africa
🇲🇦

Morocco

50 Hz Continental Europe (via Spain) 1 operator
ONEEOnly African grid synchronized with Europe — 2 AC submarine links to Spain400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇩🇿

Algeria

50 Hz Maghreb / CE-linked 1 operator
Sonelgaz / GRTENational TSO — synced with Morocco & Tunisia400 kVSite →
🇹🇳

Tunisia

50 Hz Maghreb / CE-linked 1 operator
STEGNational utility — ELMED HVDC to Italy under construction400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇱🇾

Libya

50 Hz Eight Country IC 1 operator
GECOLNational utility — tie to Egypt400 kVSite →
🇸🇩

Sudan

50 Hz EAPP 1 operator
SETCO / STPGNational grid — tie to Egypt & Ethiopia500 kV
🇳🇬

Nigeria

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
TCN (Transmission Company of Nigeria)National grid — largest WAPP member330 kVSite →
🇬🇭

Ghana

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
GRIDCoNational TSO330 kVSite →
🇨🇮

Côte d'Ivoire

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
CI-ENERGIESNational grid — regional exporter225 kVSite →
🇸🇳

Senegal

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
SenelecNational utility — OMVS regional system225 kVSite →
🇰🇪

Kenya

50 Hz EAPP 1 operator
KETRACO / Kenya PowerTSO — ±500 kV HVDC from Ethiopia operational400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇪🇹

Ethiopia

50 Hz EAPP 1 operator
EEP (Ethiopian Electric Power)GERD hub — exports to Kenya, Sudan, Djibouti500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇹🇿

Tanzania

50 Hz EAPP/SAPP-linked 1 operator
TANESCO400 kV backbone complete; Kenya & Zambia interconnectors400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇺🇬

Uganda

50 Hz EAPP 1 operator
UETCLNational TSO220 kVSite →
🇿🇦

South Africa

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
Eskom / NTCSAAfrica's largest grid — anchor of Southern African Power Pool765 kVSite →
🇿🇲

Zambia

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
ZESCONational utility330 kVSite →
🇿🇼

Zimbabwe

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
ZETDCNational utility — SAPP coordination centre in Harare330 kV
🇧🇼

Botswana

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
BPC (Botswana Power Corp)National utility400 kVSite →
🇳🇦

Namibia

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
NamPowerNational utility — Caprivi ±350 kV HVDC link400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project · 💧 1 green H₂ project
🇲🇿

Mozambique

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
EDM + HCBCahora Bassa ±533 kV HVDC to South Africa533 kV DCSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇨🇩

DR Congo

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
SNELInga–Kolwezi ±500 kV HVDC — one of world's longest500 kV DCSite →
🇦🇴

Angola

50 Hz SAPP (joining) 1 operator
RNT (Rede Nacional de Transporte)National TSO400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇨🇲

Cameroon

50 Hz Isolated (CAPP) 1 operator
SONATRELTSO since 2015 (ENEO handles generation & distribution); Southern + Northern interconnected grids225 kV
🇷🇼

Rwanda

50 Hz EAPP 1 operator
REG (Rwanda Energy Group)National utility — EUCL operations + EDCL development220 kVSite →
🇲🇼

Malawi

50 Hz Isolated → SAPP (2026) 1 operator
ESCOMNational utility — 400 kV Mozambique interconnector under construction ends grid isolation132 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇲🇬

Madagascar

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
JIRAMANational utility — separate Antananarivo, Toamasina & regional island grids138 kV
🇲🇺

Mauritius

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
CEB (Central Electricity Board)Island grid66 kVSite →
🇸🇿

Eswatini

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
EEC (Eswatini Electricity Company)Majority imports from Eskom; MOTRACO 400 kV transit corridor400 kV (MOTRACO transit)Site →
🇱🇸

Lesotho

50 Hz SAPP 1 operator
LEC (Lesotho Electricity Company)Muela hydro + Eskom imports132 kV
🇲🇱

Mali

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
EDM-SANational utility — ties to Côte d'Ivoire and OMVS hydro shared with Senegal & Mauritania225 kV
🇧🇫

Burkina Faso

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
SONABELNational utility — imports via Côte d'Ivoire & Ghana interconnectors225 kVSite →
🇳🇪

Niger

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
NIGELECNational utility — heavily dependent on imports from Nigeria132 kV
🇧🇯

Benin

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
CEB + SBEECEB — transmission operator shared with Togo (a WAPP rarity); SBEE national distributor161 kV
🇹🇬

Togo

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
CEB + CEETCEB — transmission operator shared with Benin; CEET national distributor161 kV
🇬🇳

Guinea

50 Hz WAPP 1 operator
EDG (Électricité de Guinée)Kaleta & Souapiti hydro; CLSG 225 kV corridor to Liberia–Sierra Leone–Côte d'Ivoire225 kV
🇲🇷

Mauritania

50 Hz OMVS-linked 1 operator
SOMELECNational utility — OMVS hydro shared with Senegal & Mali225 kV
🇩🇯

Djibouti

50 Hz EAPP-linked 1 operator
EDD (Électricité de Djibouti)Interconnected with Ethiopia — majority of supply imported230 kV
South Asia
🇮🇳

India

50 Hz India National Grid 1 operator
POWERGRID + Grid-India (NLDC)One Nation One Grid since 2013 — largest single synchronous national grid; 5 regions765 kV / ±800 kV DCSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects · 💧 3 green H₂ projects · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇵🇰

Pakistan

50 Hz Isolated (CASA-1000) 1 operator
NTDC + K-ElectricNational grid + Karachi system; ±660 kV Matiari–Lahore HVDC500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇧🇩

Bangladesh

50 Hz India-linked (HVDC) 1 operator
PGCBNational TSO — HVDC back-to-back at Bheramara to India400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇱🇰

Sri Lanka

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
CEB (Ceylon Electricity Board)Island grid; India interconnection under study220 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇳🇵

Nepal

50 Hz India-synced 1 operator
NEASynchronous ties to India; hydro exporter400 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇧🇹

Bhutan

50 Hz India-synced 1 operator
BPSO / Druk GreenHydro exporter fully synced with India400 kVSite →
🇦🇫

Afghanistan

50 Hz Import islands 1 operator
DABSAsynchronous import islands fed from Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Iran220 kV
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇲🇻

Maldives

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
STELCO / FENAKAGreater Malé grid + separate atoll island systems33 kVSite →
East Asia
🇨🇳

China

50 Hz SGCC + CSG regions 2 operators
State Grid Corp of China (SGCC)World's largest utility — 5+ sync regions tied by UHV DC; 1000 kV UHV AC1000 kV / ±1100 kV DCSite →
China Southern Power Grid (CSG)Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan500 kV / ±800 kV DCSite →
💧 2 green H₂ projects · 💰 grid CAPEX programme
🇯🇵

Japan

50/60 Hz Two sync areas 2 operators
OCCTO + 10 regional TSOsEast 50 Hz / West 60 Hz, bridged by frequency-converter stations (~2.1 GW)500 kVSite →
TEPCO Power GridLargest regional TSO (Tokyo, 50 Hz)500 kVSite →
🇰🇷

South Korea

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
KEPCO / KPXIsland grid — no international ties765 kVSite →
🇹🇼

Taiwan

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
TaipowerIsland grid345 kVSite →
🇭🇰

Hong Kong

50 Hz CSG-linked 1 operator
CLP Power + HK ElectricTwo utilities; CLP interconnected with China Southern Grid400 kVSite →
🇲🇴

Macau

50 Hz CSG-linked 1 operator
CEM~90% of supply imported from China Southern Power Grid220 kVSite →
Southeast Asia
🇹🇭

Thailand

50 Hz National + Laos ties 1 operator
EGATNational grid — major importer of Lao hydro; LTMS corridor500 kVSite →
🇻🇳

Vietnam

50 Hz National 1 operator
EVN / NPTNorth-south 500 kV backbone500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇲🇾

Malaysia

50 Hz 3 separate grids 2 operators
TNB (Peninsular Grid)Main grid — ties to Thailand & Singapore500 kVSite →
Sarawak Energy + SESB SabahTwo separate Borneo grids275 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇸🇬

Singapore

50 Hz Malaysia-linked 1 operator
SP GroupCity grid — LTMS import (Laos hydro via TH/MY); Australia–Asia HVDC proposed400 kVSite →
⚡ 2 interconnector projects
🇮🇩

Indonesia

50 Hz Island grids 1 operator
PLNJava-Bali 500 kV system + Sumatra + hundreds of island grids500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇵🇭

Philippines

60 Hz National (HVDC-bridged) 1 operator
NGCPLuzon–Visayas AC; Mindanao joined via ±350 kV HVDC (MVIP) — one national market since 2024500 kVSite →
🇱🇦

Laos

50 Hz Export hub 1 operator
EDL-Transmission'Battery of Southeast Asia' — exports to TH, VN, KH, MY/SG500 kVSite →
🇰🇭

Cambodia

50 Hz Regional ties 1 operator
EDCImports from Laos, Thailand, Vietnam500 kVSite →
🇲🇲

Myanmar

50 Hz National 1 operator
MOEP / ESENational grid — constrained, partial coverage500 kV
🇧🇳

Brunei

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
DES + Berakas PowerTwo interconnected national systems; Borneo grid link under ASEAN study66 kV
🌊 1 offshore HVDC programme
🇹🇱

Timor-Leste

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
EDTLNational utility — 150 kV north–south backbone150 kV
North America
🇺🇸

USA

60 Hz 3 interconnections 3 operators
Eastern InterconnectionPJM, MISO, SPP, NYISO, ISO-NE, SERC — world's 2nd-largest sync area765 kVSite →
Western Interconnection (WECC)CAISO + western utilities, 14 states + BC/AB + Baja500 kVSite →
ERCOT (Texas)Standalone sync grid — DC ties only to East/Mexico345 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇨🇦

Canada

60 Hz Eastern / Western / Québec 3 operators
Hydro-Québec TransÉnergieOwn synchronous area — pioneered 735 kV (1965)735 kVSite →
IESO / Hydro One (Ontario)Eastern Interconnection500 kVSite →
AESO (Alberta) + BC HydroWestern Interconnection500 kVSite →
🇲🇽

Mexico

60 Hz SIN Mexico 1 operator
CENACE / CFESistema Interconectado Nacional + Baja grids (Baja Norte in WECC)400 kVSite →
Latin America
🇧🇷

Brazil

60 Hz SIN Brazil 1 operator
ONSSistema Interligado Nacional — 99%+ of load; Itaipu & Belo Monte HVDC750 kV / ±800 kV DCSite →
🇦🇷

Argentina

50 Hz SADI (+Uruguay) 1 operator
CAMMESA / TransenerSistema Argentino de Interconexión500 kVSite →
🇨🇱

Chile

50 Hz SEN Chile 1 operator
Coordinador Eléctrico NacionalSEN — SIC+SING unified 2017; 3,100 km longitudinal grid500 kVSite →
🇨🇴

Colombia

60 Hz SIN Colombia (Andean ties) 1 operator
XM / ISA IntercolombiaSIN — tie to Ecuador (and Panama link under construction)500 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇵🇪

Peru

60 Hz SEIN (Andean ties) 1 operator
COES / Red de Energía del PerúSistema Eléctrico Interconectado Nacional500 kVSite →
🇪🇨

Ecuador

60 Hz SNI (Andean ties) 1 operator
CENACE / CELEC TranselectricSNI — synced with Colombia500 kVSite →
🇻🇪

Venezuela

60 Hz SEN Venezuela 1 operator
CorpoelecGuri hydro backbone — 765 kV system765 kV
🇧🇴

Bolivia

50 Hz SIN Bolivia 1 operator
ENDE / CNDCSistema Interconectado Nacional230 kVSite →
🇺🇾

Uruguay

50 Hz SADI-synced 1 operator
UTESynced with Argentina; HVDC converter (Melo) to Brazil500 kVSite →
🇵🇾

Paraguay

50 Hz SADI-linked 1 operator
ANDEItaipu (50 Hz half) & Yacyretá exporter500 kVSite →
🌎

Central America (SIEPAC)

60 Hz SIEPAC 1 operator
EOR / EPRRegional 230 kV backbone: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama230 kVSite →
🇩🇴

Dominican Republic

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
ETEDIsland grid345 kVSite →
🇨🇺

Cuba

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
UNE (Unión Eléctrica)Island grid — severe generation crisis220 kV
🇯🇲

Jamaica

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
JPS (Jamaica Public Service)Island grid — one of the few 50 Hz systems in the Americas138 kVSite →
🇹🇹

Trinidad & Tobago

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
T&TECTrinidad grid + subsea link to Tobago220 kV
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇬🇾

Guyana

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
GPL (Guyana Power & Light)DBIS coastal grid — oil-boom gas-to-energy 300 MW expansion under way69 kV
🇸🇷

Suriname

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
EBSEPAR coastal grid + Afobaka hydro161 kV
🇧🇸

Bahamas

60 Hz Isolated 1 operator
BPL (Bahamas Power & Light)New Providence grid + separate Family Islands systems66 kV
Oceania
🇦🇺

Australia

50 Hz NEM + SWIS + NT 2 operators
AEMO — NEMEast-coast National Electricity Market: QLD-NSW-VIC-SA-TAS (TAS via Basslink HVDC)500 kVSite →
Western Power — SWISSouth West Interconnected System (Perth) — separate grid330 kVSite →
⚡ 1 interconnector project
🇳🇿

New Zealand

50 Hz National (HVDC-bridged) 1 operator
TranspowerNorth & South Island grids bridged by ±350 kV HVDC Inter-Island link220 kVSite →
🇵🇬

Papua New Guinea

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
PNG PowerPort Moresby + Ramu separate systems132 kVSite →
🇫🇯

Fiji

50 Hz Isolated 1 operator
EFL (Energy Fiji Limited)Viti Levu island grid132 kVSite →